Biodiversity: It’s Time to Protect Our Only Home - N°1 It's time to sound the alarm on biodiversity

Biodiversity is all around us. It underpins not only our economy but also our very existence: Yet, we (individuals, governments, and the private sector) are only in the early stages of understanding how essential a healthy and biodiverse environment is to a stable and well-functioning society. As the primatologist Jane Goodall wrote:

Biodiversity is a term used to describe all life on earth. It is all around us. It underpins not only our economy but also our very existence and yet society is only in the early stages of understanding how essential a healthy and biodiverse environment is to a stable and wellfunctioning society and economy. Humans, like any living creature, depend on biodiversity in three specific ways.

• Provisioning services: Such as food, energy, and medicines. For example, over 2 billion people rely on wood fuel to meet their primary energy needs.¹ In addition, 70% of drugs used for cancer are natural or synthetic products inspired by nature.
• Cultural services: Nature is often tied to one’s cultural identity and plays a key role in a person’s physical and psychological wellbeing.
• Regulating services: Such as pollination, climate regulation, carbon sequestration, flood & erosion prevention, water purification, and habitat provision. For example, 75% of global food crops rely on animal pollination.² Furthermore, marine and terrestrial ecosystems are carbon sinks for anthropogenic emissions with global gross sequestration around 5.6 gig tons of carbon per year (equivalent to 60% of global anthropogenic emissions).³ Mangrove forests are also a natural defense for flooding and protecting mangroves can provide over $US 65 billion in benefits per year.⁴ Coral reefs as well protect coastlines form storm damage and erosion. Finally, in Europe alone, water purification services rendered from natural habitats has been estimated to be worth up to €31 billion per year.⁵

A fourth category is often considered: the supporting services. They are necessary for the production of the three other ecosystem services, for example by providing plants and animals with living spaces, allowing for diversity of species, and maintaining genetic diversity.

Global biodiversity is in crisis. The UN Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) provides evidence that the so-called Holocene extinction is unprecedented and is a result of human activity. The IPBES Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) estimates how much originally present biodiversity remains on average across regions. According to this index, biodiversity loss has accelerated rapidly over the last 60+ years across all regions of the globe.

This biodiversity loss poses significant risks for corporates as well as society at large.

Risks to Food Security

For example, the biodiversity in soil plays a key role in ensuring well-functioning ecosystems such as soil formation and water purification. It also provides essential habitats for plants and animals. In essence, without soil health ecosystems collapse, which is a major threat to agricultural production.⁶ Agricultural production (with a value estimated in 2016 at $2.5 trillion) has increased threefold since 1970, but land degradation has reduced agricultural productivity by 23%. Furthermore, between USD $235-$577 billion of annual value of global crop output is at risk due to pollinator loss.⁷ With biodiversity being fundamental to food security, promoting and protecting biodiversity will be essential to feeding the world’s population.

Risks to Human Health

Biodiversity loss has also strong impacts on human health. First, while still more research is needed regarding the origins of Covid-19, the link between biodiversity loss and infectious diseases is well established. Almost three quarters of emerging infectious diseases in humans derive from other animals, also known as zoonotic diseases. Recent zoonotic diseases include Ebola, avian influenza, SARS, and HIV. Landuse change and wildlife exploitation increase people’s proximity to potential pathogens that are carried in wildlife, making the possibilities of pandemics an ever more likely occurrence.⁸ In addition, nature helps to purify air and water (vegetation can help absorb excessive nitrogen dioxide, ozone and particulate matter for example).⁹ Air pollution is estimated to be responsible for around 4.2 million deaths a year,¹⁰ meaning it is one of the leading global risk factors for air pollution related death. Far greater than the roughly 2 million people who died of Covid-19 in 2020.¹¹

Increased Severity of Physical Events

As nature provides stable conditions in our surrounding environment, biodiversity loss exacerbates the severity of physical risks such as flooding. For example, mangroves provide extensive flood protection against chronic events like tropical cyclones. It is estimated that 35% or more of their original cover is lost and if today’s mangroves were lost, 18 million more people would face flooding every year (a 39% increase) and annual damages to property would increase by 16% to roughly $82 billion.¹² The destruction of our natural habitat also exemplifies climate change, increasing the likelihood and severity of weather events (such as drought, forest fires, heavy rainfall, and hurricanes).

Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded the earth’s rate of regeneration since 1970. Currently human enterprise demands 1.56 times more resources than the amount the earth can regenerate. In reality, what this means is that human activities are severely altering our planet beyond a rate that can be repaired. Human activities have severely altered 75% of land and 66% of marine environments. Roughly, 25% of assessed plant and animal species are threatened by human actions with a million species facing extinction within a few decades.¹³ Furthermore, ecosystems have declined in size and condition by 45% globally compared to estimated baselines.¹⁴

The causes of biodiversity loss can be broken into 5 primary direct drivers based on the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019 classification).

Climate Change

Climate change is closely linked to the biodiversity crisis. Extreme weather conditions exacerbate climate change and alter natural ecosystems through droughts, higher temperatures, and wildfires. In turn, a loss of biodiversity can adversely impact climate change (for example deforestation reduces carbon sinks releasing significant amounts of CO₂ into the air). Thus, biodiversity loss and climate change exacerbate one another, creating a vicious and perpetual cycle.

Land Degradation and Habitat Destruction

Land degradation and habitat destruction is defined as the deterioration or loss of productive capacity of soils and land. This driver is cited as the leading cause of biodiversity loss¹⁸ and there are many ways in which this driver occurs. These include over cultivation of land for agriculture that leaches nutrients from the soil, overgrazing, deforestation for agricultural production, or urbanization. Extreme weather events can also lead to habitat destruction such as fires or floods that can cause erosion and degrade soil.

Unsustainable Resource Exploitation

Unsustainable resource exploitation means harvesting resources at a rate that cannot be naturally replenished. This can includes deforestation, intensive water consumption, overfishing, and illegal wildlife trade. Over exploitation of one species can threaten food stability in an ecosystem and impact other species.¹⁹ Furthermore, resource exploitation such as intensive logging can also impact land quality and local habitats.

Pollution

Pollution is a significant contributor to biodiversity loss. This includes physical pollution such as:

• plastic and micro-plastics,
• agricultural pollutants, including pesticides and fertilizers
• hazardous and toxic waste from industrial processes
• chemical leaching from medicines and consumer products both during use and at the end of life of the products.

Many of these toxins end up in waterways and can accumulate overtime, causing harm to humans, plants, and animals alike.

Invasive Species

Invasive Species are non-native species that are introduced to new environments. They often do not have natural predators and can cause significant damage to local species and habitats. These introductions can be intentional for commercial or recreational purposes such as the Burmese python in Florida or unintentional through shipping.

Interlinkages of the Drivers

It is important to note that the five distinct drivers of biodiversity loss are all heavily interrelated. For example, pollution can degrade soil while unsustainable resource use can lead to deforestation & habitat destruction. Despite these linkages, breaking down biodiversity impacts into the five direct drivers helps to categorize the impacts, risks, and opportunities for corporates and sectors related to biodiversity.

Economic growth and prosperity have come at the expense of intensive use of natural systems that underpin all life on earth. Thus, biodiversity loss resulting from human activities poses a severe risk to economic stability in our society. The World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report has for the past five years identified biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse as a mid to high level global risk in terms of impact and likelihood. In 2020, 2021, and 2022, the survey identified biodiversity loss as one of the top five global risks (reaching top 3 in 2022). The 2021 and 2022 reports also include infectious diseases as one of the top risks²³ which again, has strong links to biodiversity loss due to zoonotic transfer.

Furthermore, the estimates of the financial toll from biodiversity loss are staggering. One study²⁵ estimated that declines in biodiversity resulted in financial losses up to $20tn per year between 1997 and 2011. Furthermore, the World Economic Forum puts the estimate of losses linked to global crop output resulting from pollinator decline between $235bn and $577bn.

Corporates and corporate actions both depend on biodiversity, but also impact biodiversity loss. Heavy use of natural resources beyond the rate of natural replenishment, destruction of natural habitats, and climate change all have an impact on biodiversity, which can lead to a decline in healthy and well-functioning ecosystems. As these systems are facing increasing pressure, the stability and reliability of these ecosystem services decline, thus putting operational risks onto corporates.

As a consequence of this interdependency, there is a huge economic cost if corporates do not address biodiversity loss. These leads to very specific biodiversity linked risks with the exposure to these risks varying between sectors and geographies. These biodiversity related risks can be divided into the following categories:

Systemic Risks

Systemic risks are associated with systemic impacts on society resulting from biodiversity loss. These far reaching impacts of biodiversity loss on food security, health, and socioeconomic development can impact the stability and functioning of financial systems. These risks span from economic, societal, to geopolitical linked issues. They include chronic diseases, malnutrition, hunger, mass migrations, or conflicts (for example water scarcity resulting from land changes and desertification can exacerbate conflicts linked to water rights). Systemic risks also include pandemics (while the origins of COVID-19 are still unknown, the crisis should nevertheless act as a wake-up call).

Physical Risks

Similar to climate change but broader in scope, corporates can face serious physical risks linked to climate change including extreme weather events such as forest fires, flooding & erosion. More specifically, physical risks can materialize into the following risks identified by the World Economic Forum²⁶:

• Commodity risks as nature is fundamental to the performance of a business’s supply chain (e.g. in the food industry)
• Supply chain performance risks as nature can be critical to a business’s production process For example the cosmetics industry relies on shea butter in various cosmetics and the she tree is currently threatened by deforestation, parasites, and pollinator loss
• Damage and business continuity risks as nature provides stable operational conditions (physical security against acute and chronic events such as forest fires, flooding and erosion)
• Business value risk as nature enables the conditions necessary for maintaining the value of a business (e.g. in the real estate or tourism industries)

Transition Risks

Transition risks are those related to changes in regulation and consumer preferences.

• Business model adaptation risks that require a business to manage resource scarcity, reduce its dependency on nature, and protect biodiversity
• Litigation risks related to damages caused to biodiversity by land breaches in emerging legal frameworks
• Reputational risks from media and NGO campaigns, or shareholder resolutions
• Commercial risks due to shifts in consumer preferences, as the general public is growing more aware of the biodiversity crisis
• Regulation risks as governments implement more stringent policies to protect natural resources and drive this transition

Despite the negatives associated with risks and harms to biodiversity, addressing biodiversity loss can also be an opportunity for corporates. The World Economic Forum (WEF) has identified this opportunity to be valued at around $10 trillion/year by 2030 and could create 395 million jobs²⁷. These opportunities can be linked to the circular economy (for more information see our 2021 Report) or regenerative agriculture.

However, significant investments, including major technical innovation, are needed to realize these opportunities. WEF has estimated the investment requirements to be around $2.7 trillion a year through to 2030²⁸. While the price is high, a single pandemic alone (Covid-19) has been estimated to cost around $10 trillion in foregone GDP over 2020-2021.²⁹

There are also opportunities in emerging megatrends such as changes in lifestyle linked to the negative impact of the biodiversity crisis. For example, digital services including video conferencing has rapidly accelerated since the pandemic and companies are becoming increasingly conscious of the climate impacts (and financial cost) of global travel when things can be done by video call. Furthermore, there are new business opportunities to capture due to changes in consumer demand driven by increased awareness of biodiversity and climate change.

Despite all the risks linked to biodiversity loss, companies are not addressing at a quick enough pace how they impact biodiversity. One major explanation is the complexity of the issue: impacts on biodiversity are not mutually exclusive, reporting is not standardized, and there is no one size fits all metric to evaluate biodiversity loss as there is for climate (CO2). Biodiversity loss is also not uniform. Some species and geographical locations are more vulnerable (and more valuable) than others, meaning an asset level approach is required to prioritize efforts and preserve certain species and regions. Finally, there is an overall lack of guiding scenarios as those that exist for climate change. Global metrics and targets are needed on biodiversity so they can be translated into specific goals and thresholds for companies and investors.

To address the many difficulties to bend the curb of biodiversity loss, there are a fair number of emerging regulations and task forces to address the issue.

Supranational Level

First, at the supranational level, COP26 on climate change in 2021 recognized the key role that biodiversity and deforestation play in addressing climate change since an estimated 23% of total emissions stem from agriculture, forestry, and other land uses³². As a result, more than 100 world leaders pledged to halt deforestation by 2030³³, which could signal a major push in new regulation.

Furthermore, the 15^th meeting of the Convention of Biological Diversity started its first phase in October 2021 and aims to conclude negotiations around the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in Montreal in December 2022. It is considered the biggest UN convention on biodiversity in decades with countries hoping to finally strike a deal with the GBF to protect and restore nature. Past COPs have over promised and under-delivered with the 2010 Aichi targets never being fully met by the 2020 deadline while seeing biodiversity declining further. By contrast, the post-2020 GBF consists of more concrete and action oriented targets to be achieved by 2030 and long term goals for 2050³⁴.

National and International Level

In Europe, there is a growing awareness of the importance of biodiversity under the European Commission’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Biodiversity will become an increasing area of regulatory focus in the EU. Under the EU Green Deal, the 2030 Biodiversity strategy lays out a long term plan for protecting nature and reversing ecosystem degradation. While the specifics around funding remain unclear, the EU outlines funding priorities for nature and green infrastructure of at least €20bn a year (both public and private funding). Within the EU Taxonomy,³⁶ there are six environmental objectives with one specifically related to the protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems. Other objectives relate to the drivers of biodiversity loss such as pollution and climate change³⁷. According to the EU Taxonomy, for an economic activity to be classified as sustainable, it must make a substantial contribution to these six objectives, not significantly harm the other five objectives, and meet minimum safeguards.

Furthermore, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR)³⁸ will include biodiversity within the “adverse impacts” aspect of the regulation. Biodiversity is a standalone indicator and includes metrics around biodiversity and ecosystem protection practices, natural species, and protected areas, as well as deforestation.

Finally, according to the Non-Financial Reporting Directive in 2014, European companies must disclose environmental and social information. In France specifically under Article 29, companies³⁹ must disclose publically in their financial reporting the environmental consequences of their activities, including CO₂ emissions or biodiversity when material. In practice this means that financial institutions will have to disclose how they identify, prioritize, and manage climate (and biodiversity) related risks from 2022 and will have to expand disclosure in 2023 in line with the EU Taxonomy.⁴⁰

Biodiversity Reporting Initiatives

Third party working groups are also trying to develop uniform disclosures on biodiversity from the corporate reporting side. The Task Force on Nature Related Financial Disclosures (TNFD), launched in 2021, aims to set guidelines for how companies should disclose their environmental emissions. Modeled after the TCFD (Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures), the taskforce has committed to delivering a framework by 2023 for organizations to report on how they manage nature related risks. Like TCFD, the TNFD is likely to be split into three key categories:

• Governance and Strategy
• Risk Management
• Metrics and Targets

Science Based Targets Network: The SBTN is a collaboration of leading global non-profits whose mission it is to set guidance on setting science based targets. Building on the work of SBTi for climate, the SBTN is elaborating to develop standards for both nature and climate. The SBTN has identified interim targets that companies can set today in line with available science. Their upcoming methodology aims to ensure that companies are on the right path today for when science based nature targets are available⁴¹.

Partnership for Biodiversity Accounting Financials – (PBAF) currently developing a PBAF Standard to enable financial institutions to assess and disclose impacts and dependencies on biodiversity of loans and investments.⁴²

Biodiversity Action is Coming and Companies Need to be Prepared

There is a clear need for swift action to address biodiversity loss. The severity of the risks linked to biodiversity loss has not directly translated into changes into corporate actions. While the complexities of effectively measuring and addressing biodiversity loss are acknowledged, regulations and standards to facilitate the process are being developed rapidly and companies need to be prepared to meet them head on. There are actionable steps companies can take now and investors can play a key role to accelerate the momentum of biodiversity action.

This article is part of the series “Biodiversity: it’s time to Protect our Only Home”. To learn more about this theme, please click below on the following article.

¹. IBPES, 2019
². IBPES, 2019
³. IBPES, 2019
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⁶. WWF, Living Planet Report, 2020
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⁹. https://unece.org/air-pollution-ecosystems-and-biodiversity
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¹⁷. IPBES, 2019
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¹⁹. HSBC, 2020
²⁰. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html
²¹. https://aeclinic.org/aec-blog/2022/1/26/five-of-nine-planetary-boundaries-have-now-been-crossed
²². https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html
²³. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf
²⁴. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2022.pdf
²⁵. Global Environmental Change, Costanza et al., 2014
²⁶. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_New_Nature_Economy_Report_2020.pdf
²⁷. https://es.weforum.org/reports/new-nature-economy-report-series/future-of-nature-andbusiness
²⁸. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/future-nature-business-action-agenda-blueprint-climate-changebiodiversity-loss/
²⁹. https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/01/09/what-is-the-economic-cost-of-covid-19
³⁰. https://es.weforum.org/reports/new-nature-economy-report-series/future-of-nature-andbusiness
³¹. https://www.ift.org/news-and-publications/food-technology-magazine/issues/2021/august/columns/consumer-trendsplant-based-food-market
³². https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/
³³. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/11/01/more-than-100-world-leaders-pledge-haltdeforestation-by-2030/
³⁴. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/post-2020-global-biodiversity
³⁵. https://wwflpr.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/lpr_2022_full_report.pdf
³⁶. is a classification system that defines environmentally sustainable economic activities and aims to provide companies, investors, and policy makers with appropriate definitions to help address greenwashing concerns.
³⁷. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/banking-and-finance/sustainable-finance/eu-taxonomy-sustainableactivities_en
³⁸. This regulation will require asset managers and institutional investors in the EU to disclose how they incorporate sustainability risks and adverse impacts into their investment making and advisory processes.
³⁹. Companies subject to the “Déclaration de Peformance Extra-Financière” are only listed companies or companies with more than 500 employees and a turnover > 40M€ or a balance sheet > 100M€
⁴⁰. https://globalcanopy.org/insights/insight/frances-article-29-biodiversity-disclosure-requirements-sign-of-whats-tocome/
⁴¹. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/take-action-now/take-action-as-a-company/what-you-can-do-now/interimtargets/
⁴². https://www.pbafglobal.com/files/PBAF-flyer-051121.pdf